Engines Of Discovery: A Century Of Particle Accelerators

Table Of Contents:

Preface v
Introduction xi
Electrostatic Accelerators 1
Scientific Motivation 1
Voltage Multiplying Columns 4
Silk Belts 5
Wisconsin Advances 6
Tandems 8
Commercial Production of Electrostatic Machines 9
Applications of Electrostatic Machines 9
Cyclotrons 11
The Anatomy of a Discovery 11
Lawrence and the Early Cyclotrons 14
Transverse Focusing 18
Relativistic Limitation 19
Calutrons 19
Cyclotrons for Peace Again 21
FFAG 22
Spiral Sector Cyclotrons 23
Modern Cyclotrons 26
Applications 26
Linear Accelerators 28
Science Motivation – An Idea in Search of a Technology 28
The Early Linear Accelerators at Berkeley 30
Proton Linacs 30
Electron Linacs 34
Heavy Ion Linacs – a Rich Field of Research 42
Induction Linacs 44
Applications of Induction Linacs 46
Betatrons 49
Early History 50
The Kerst Betatron 51
The Wideroe Betatron – Second Attempt 51
The Years After World War II 53
Synchrotrons 55
Science Motivation 55
The Early History of the Synchrotron 55
First Synchrotron 56
Electron Synchrotrons 56
Early Proton Synchrotrons 56
Nimrod and Phasotron 60
Strong Focusing 60
Brookhavens AGS and CERNs PS 64
Fermilab and SPS 67
Superconducting Magnets 75
Colliders 78
Science Motivation 78
Principles 78
Electron-Electron Colliders 81
Electron-Positron Colliders 81
Superconducting Cavities 90
Proton-Proton Colliders 91
Proton-Antiproton Colliders 94
Asymmetric Collider Rings 97
Large Hadron Collider (LHC) 103
Heavy-Ion Colliders 107
Detectors 110
Early Primitive Detectors 110
Scintillators, Photomultipliers and Cerenkov Counters 110
Collisions in Three Dimensions 111
A Modern Detector 115
Digital X-ray Imaging 117
Detection Techniques for Synchrotron Radiation Sources 119
Synchrotron Radiation Sources 121
Scientific Motivation 121
Principles and Early History 122
Synchrotron Radiation 123
First Generation Synchrotron Sources 123
Second Generation Synchrotron Sources 123
Third Generation Synchrotron Sources 124
Angstrom Wavelength Free Electron Laser Facilities 128
Future Fourth Generation Synchrotron Sources 132
Cancer Therapy Accelerators 134
Cyclotrons 134
Linacs 135
Synchrotrons 136
Other Therapies 138
Future Facilities 138
Past, Present and Future 140
Future Needs 140
Linear Colliders and Their Origins 141
The International Linear Collider (ILC) 144
The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) 146
Spallation Neutron Sources 148
Rare Isotope Accelerators 151
Neutrino Super Beams, Neutrino Factories and Muon Colliders 153
Accelerators for Heavy Ion Fusion and for Creating High Energy Density Plasmas 157
Proton Drivers for Power Reactors 160
Lasers and Plasmas 161
A Final Word 166
Understanding the Universe 166
Applications 166
Bringing Nations Together 166
A Word Especially for the Young 168
Appendices
Bibliography and References 169
The Accelerator Community 174
Glossary 175
List of Illustrations with Acknowledgments 184
Index 189

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